53 Spanish Names for Fruits

Are you planning on traveling to a Spanish-speaking country near the equator and want to enjoy tropical fruits? If you do, or if you plan on shopping at any place Spanish is spoken, this list of Spanish words for fruits will come in handy. Fruit Names in Spanish A–G Apple — la manzanaApricot — el damasco, el albaricoqueAvocado — el aguacateBanana — el plà ¡tano, la bananaBlackberry — la mora, la zarzamoraBlackcurrant — la grosella negraBlueberry — el arà ¡ndanocamu camu — el camu camuCantaloupe — el melà ³nCherimoya — la chirimoyaCherry — la cerezaCitron — el cidro, el citrà ³n, la toronjaCoconut — el cocoCucumber — el pepinoCranberry — el arà ¡ndano agrioDate — el dà ¡tilFig — el higoGalia — el melà ³n galiaGooseberry — la grosella espinosaGrape — la uva (A dried grape or raisin is una pasa or una uva pasa.)Grapefruit — el pomelo, la toronjaGuarana — la fruta de guaranà ¡ Fruit Names in Spanish H–Z Honeydew melon — el melà ³n tunaHuckleberry — el arà ¡ndanoKiwi — el kiwiKumquat — el quinotoLemon — el limà ³nLime — la lima, el limà ³nLoganberry — la zarza, la frambuesaLychee — la lichiMandarin — la mandarinaMango — el mangoMelon — el melà ³nMulberry — la moraNaranjilla — la naranjilla, el luloNectarine — la nectarinaOlive — la oliva, la aceitunaOrange — la naranjaPapaya — la papayaPassionfruit — la maracuyà ¡, la parcha, la fruta de pasià ³nPeach — el durazno, el melocotà ³nPear — la peraPersimmon — el caquiPineapple — la pià ±a, el ananà ¡Plantain — el plà ¡tanoPlum — la ciruelaPomegranate — la granadaPrickly pear — la tuna, el higo chumboQuince — el membrilloRaspberry — la frambuesaStrawberry — la fresa, la frutillaTamarind — el tamarindoTangerine — la mandarina, la tangerinaTomatillo — el tomatilloTomato — el tomateWatermelon — la sandà ­a Many fruits have local or regional names that may not be understood outside the area. Also, the English and Spanish words for particular fruits may not always be an exact match, sometimes because two similar species of fruits may share a name. For example, what is known as un arà ¡ndano in Spanish goes by several different names in English, such as huckleberry, bilberry, blueberry, and cranberry. One common source of confusion is that a limà ³n can refer to a lemon or a lime depending on the region. Key Takeaways: Fruit Name Facts The names of many fruits are similar in English and Spanish, either because they have a common origin (such Latin) or because the English borrowed a fruit name from Spanish.The trees or other plants that produce fruit sometimes have distinctive names related to the name of the fruit.Some fruits have names that are understood only in certain localities. Common Foods Made With Fruit Apple cider — la sidra sin alcoholApple crisp, apple crumble — la manzana crujienteApple pie — el pastel de manzanaCompote — la compotaFruitcake — el pastel de frutaFruit cocktail — el cà ³ctel de frutasFruit salad — la ensalada de frutasJam — la marmeladaJuice — el jugo, el zumoPeach cobbler — el pastel de durazno, tarta de duraznoStrawberry sundae — el sundae de fresa, el helado con fresas Fruit Names English and Spanish Share English and Spanish share the names of various  fruits for one of two reasons. Either the English name came from Spanish, or English and Spanish gained the name from a common source. There are no fruits on this list in which the Spanish derived from English, although its likely that kiwi, a word from Maori, was adopted because of U.S. English influence. Here are etymologies of several Spanish-derived fruit names we use in English: Papaya: Spanish picked up papaya from Arawak, an indigenous language of the West Indies, and it spread to English via the shipping industry.Pear: The English name for the fruit comes from the Latin pera, which is also what its called in Spanish.Plantain: Plantain has two meanings: a fruit similar to a banana and a type of flat-leafed weed. Both are called plà ¡tano in Spanish. The words with the first meaning probably came to English via Spanish, which picked up the term from the West Indies, while the word with the second meaning came indirectly from Greek.Tomatillo: Tomatillo in Spanish is tomate with the diminutive suffix -illo. Other Spanish food words using this suffix include tortilla (omelet or tortilla, from torta, cake), mantequilla (butter, from manteca, lard or some types of butter), and bolillo (bread roll, related to bola, ball).Tomato: At one time, the tomato was called a tomate in English, the same as its Spanish name. The Spanish, in turn, came from Nahuatl, an indig enous Mexican language, which used the word tomatl. The tl ending is a very common noun ending in Nahuatl. Sources for some of the other fruit names include Italian (cantalupo and cantaloupe), Latin (pera and pear), and Arabic (naranja and orange). Words for Fruit-Producing Plants Although the words for tree and bush are à ¡rbol and arbusto, respectively, many that produce fruit have names related to the name of the fruit. Here are some of them: Apple tree — el manzanoBlackberry bush — la zarzaCherry tree — el cerezoGrapevine — la vid, la parraLemon tree — el limoneroOrange tree — el naranjoPear tree — el peralTomato vine — la rama de tomate

Essay on Debating the Merits of Globalization - 597 Words

ITR 201 – Internnational Business Assignment – Closing Case: Debating the Merits of Globalization Case Questions 1. Do you think globalization and MNE activities are creating problems for the world? What kinds of problems can you identify? What are the unintended consequences of international business? 2. Summarise the argument in favour of globalization made by the business executive. What is the role of technology in supporting company performance in a global business environment? 3. What are the roles of the states and federal governments in dealing with globalization. What is government’s role in protecting citizens from the negative effect of foreign MNEs conducting business in your country ? What kinds of†¦show more content†¦Well, I think the advent of the internet, mobile phones and the development of marketing softwares which are all products of technology have a lot to do with supporting international business environment, because these technologies made everything easier by making the world a small global village. 3. Some state and federal government s have a played a great role in globalization, by inviting the foreign investors to invest in their countries. Reducing the taxes, giving them free lands e.tc. In my country the federal government places certain regulations that limit the activities of MNEs, an example is the banning of gas flaring in Niger Delta region of Nigeria, a region which is dominated by many Multinational firms. I recommend that the government should place the strict regulations, and should make sure that the regulations are being followed by the concerned MNEs. 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Lord Byron s Manfred, The Iconic Overbearing And Guilt...

Beyond the scope of the mystic and supernatural world that exists in Lord Byron’s Manfred, the iconic overbearing and guilt-stricken Manfred has influenced the Byronic archetype to transcend beyond the gothic setting into today’s modern pop culture. Extending outside the gothic genre, which is characterized by the â€Å"macabre, mysterious, supernatural, and terrifying†, the haunting settings of looming, isolated landscapes, and dark forbidding symbolism, the Byronic hero archetype still exists in even the popular science fiction genre, with its themes rooted in dystopian and post-apocalyptic environments (Lynch and Stillinger 584). For instance, the Byronic hero archetype is portrayed in Hideki Anno’s Neon Genesis Evangelion through the†¦show more content†¦This precise description of Manfred in total isolation in a gothic setting is also explored in Sheley’s â€Å"Demolished worlds: Manfred and sublime (unburial)† where Sheley disc usses how the space that exists in Manfred functions as a place of â€Å"skeptical rendition of nature† using to illustrate Manfred’s destruction through the â€Å"unrestrained spaces of nature† that oppresses Manfred (Sheley). Through the descriptions of Manfred’s world as its own microcosm, Byron illustrates Manfred’s agonizing imprisonment and enclosure within a universe where unworldly settings such as â€Å"Of mountains inaccessible are haunts† exist, and a setting that allows the eerie existence of imaginative phenomenon to exist such as Manfred’s abilities to conjure spirits at will (Byron 640; 1.1.33). The concepts of the Byronic Hero’s own personal flaws tie in perfectly with the surrounding the character exists in, as it shows how the setting becomes a mirror into the character’s psyche. In Nicholson’s â€Å"Byron and the Drama of Temptation†, Nicholson discusses Byron’s obsession with writ ing with â€Å"action† and less so about â€Å"abstract ideas†, which Nicholson discusses drawn from Byron’s gravitation toward subjects such as history, anthropology, and â€Å"comparative life and manners of people†(Nicholson). Byron’s obsession with underscoring â€Å"poems of action† is shown in Manfred, which Nicholson argues is essential to Byron’s narratives as a â€Å"drama of exile† where

Analysis Of George Orwell s The Big Brother - 1176 Words

Brian Trinh Truthtellers Dr. Welch 12/14/14 In 1984, George Orwell tells a story of a man names Winston who secretly refuses to act or supports the totalitarian government that he is living under. However, the Big Brother uses various techniques to control people’s thought and action including Winston’s, into doing what they want them to do. The party member takes advantage of technology to supervise people’s behaviors all the time by placing telescreens and microphones all over the city. Not only that, they also use psychology to restrict the Outer Party and the Proles’ thoughts and actions, ultimately manipulate them for their own benefits. This method proves to be more effective in making people believe in the propaganda, keep them under control, and protect the party from disruption. In the novel, the party effectively uses technology and human resources to control the minds, behaviors and emotions of the lower class outer party. 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Direct Act 3 Scene 5 of Romeo and Juliet from Enter Mother (Lady Capulet below) to the end of the scene Essay Example For Students

Direct Act 3 Scene 5 of Romeo and Juliet from Enter Mother (Lady Capulet below) to the end of the scene Essay Before the stage is set for Act 3 Scene 5, we watch as Romeo has shot Tybalt in his anger over Mercutios death. In this time of rage where the lights would be dim and red, the nurse sees him and allows him over at the Capulets for one night as it is his and Juliets honeymoon. Of course, he has to leave as it turns morning because he has been banished from Verona to Mantua. And so after Romeo meets with Friar Lawrence, he rushes off to Juliets bedroom. As it turns to the morning, Juliet and Romeo talk about the nightingale and the lark. The nightingale represents the night and the lark represents the day, just as the dark is bad and the light is good. In this case, however, the night is good and the day is bad, which shows a contrast to how it is normally shown. Night is represented as a good thing for Romeo and Juliet as he can stay for longer without anyone knowing that hes there, but as hes been banished, the day is represented as a bad thing. This is because he needs to be out of Verona as soon as the light shines, or else hell be in even more trouble than already. As Romeo leaves Juliets bedroom, Juliet lays still on her bed crying softly. The Nurse is sat on the side of Juliets bed, gently rubbing her shoulder to try and comfort. This shows that the Nurse and Juliet are close to each other and shows that the Nurse is more like a mother figure to her. As Juliet carries on crying on the bed, footsteps can be heard as Lady Capulet walks towards her room. She shouts Ho, daughter, are you up? This probably shows that she doesnt really visit Juliet in her bedroom in the morning, and so its quite unusual. We can see that it is evidently unusual as Juliet replies by asking herself whos calling, and also asks What unaccustomed cause procures her hither? This could also mean that Lady Capulet and Juliet are not close, which gives away Lady Capulet not being a mother figure to her own daughter. Lady Capulet enters the bedroom, crowded with a large, flat screen HD television, surrounded with jewellery hanging down from diamond and mirror holders. Around the rest of the room, sort of parading the huge double bed, are a number of tops and dresses, with numerous other clothing scattered all around, hanging out of the drawers and dragged away from the coat hangers in the towering wardrobes. Next to the designer wardrobe filled with Gucci and Chanel, there is a cupboard, burst open with the amount of high-heeled glamorous shoes in different colours. Its almost as if a rainbow is scattering itself around the fluffy ink carpet that swallows their feet. Capturing the attention of the glamorous room to herself, Lady Capulet floats slowly into the room. She is dressed in a loud and eccentric nightgown, flawlessly showing off colours like purple and gold. This shows her rich status, and shows how important she is to wear such bright clothes. As its the morning, her hair isnt perfect, but it still drapes gently around her neck, with blonde sparkles here and there. Her gown open to show her glistening purple dress, Lady Capulet loudly strides over to Juliets dressing mirror, psychotically followed by maids of all sizes. She turns towards Juliet, who is lying in a foetal position to show the irony of being a child, even though shes just had her honeymoon. She notices that her eyes are filled with tears and questions her, Why how now Juliet? This shows that she is actually quite caring towards her, and shows that she is her mother even though she may not show it much. She asks after Juliets reply, Evermore weeping for your cousins death? Lady Capulet asks this, which suggests a feeling of dramatic irony. This is because she thinks that Juliet is crying over her cousin Tybalts death, however she is actually crying over Romeo leaving to Mantua. As Lady Capulet does not realise Juliets anguish over Romeo leaving, she begins to talk about how crying over the loss of someone too much leads to some want of wit and only some grief shows much love. She also follows this with her hatred of Romeo, which is shown by her calling him a villain, clearly stated in the line That same villain Romeo. Dramatic speeches EssayHis clothes consist of a very purple coat that is rimmed with shining gold and a pair of very pressed black trousers. These show that he is smart, wealthy and organised. He is wearing a lot of jewellery around his neck, and around his arms, with a very stylish watch. This will show his wealth as well. He will constantly stand up and talk very loudly to show his status within the room, whereas everybody else will be either small or will sit down on the bed or a chair. When he enters he will automatically come to Juliets side and put his arm around her gently to show his compassion and comforting towards her. It shows a contrast between the father and the daughter, and between the young and the old. Juliets personality in this scene shines through very much. Throughout the whole play she is shown as an innocent teenage girl, going through her life like any other. However, in this scene she is shown as devious, defiant, rebellious, disrespectful and also headstrong. She is shown as disrespectful as shes disobeying her parents, doing things behind their backs and doing things that is strictly forbidden when it comes to them. Although shes shown as rebellious, she liked Romeo before she found out that he was a Montigue, which shows that shes not actually trying to be, but she is. During this scene Capulet becomes angry, and it shows in a few lines. His threatening tone towards Juliet is shown by the lines My fingers itch and soft take me with you wife. The soft tone in his voice, which he uses to comfort her, is replaced with selfishness and the feeling of flabbergasteredness. His flabbergasteredness is shown when he asks Lady Capulet How will she none? He later imitates Juliets voice to insult her. His voice rises to a whiny, high pitched stupid little girls voice, which shows that he only thinks of her as a little girl at the time being. As Capulet being even angrier, growling softly with his voice, Juliet tries to manipulate him by kneeling down and begging to him. She seems weak on the outside but on the inside she is scheming a plan and also manipulative to try and get her own way with things. After Capulet leaves the room, restraining from hitting Juliet but frustrated with how angry he is, the lights on stage go dim and red. This is to represent the anger, but to show that as hes left its not really there as much. Juliet seeks help in what to do from the Nurse, but she walks away as she cant help. She knows that Romeo killed Tybalt and so she doesnt want to help as revenge.

Give medical care for the homeless Essay Example For Students

Give medical care for the homeless Essay Title Imagine a typical day in your life: You wake up, throw back the covers and get out of bed. You dont put on a robe because the heat is on and its warm in your room. After freshening up in the bathroom, you go to your closet to choose an outfit to wear. You grab a quick breakfast. Then your best friend gives you a lift to school. At the end of the day, your mother picks you up to go shopping. Later, after dinner, you do your homework, talk on the phone and watch TV with your brother and sister. Most people would agree that a day like this is fairly ordinary. Shelter, clothes, food, education, family these are things you usually take for granted. Whats more, these are things that everyone deserves. Unfortunately, These things do not belong to everyone. Far too many people in this country have no homes. They own only the clothes they own only the clothes they are wearing. They dont know where their next meal will come from. And they have no family or friends to turn to for help. About 3 million people are homeless in the United States, and the problem is getting worse. Some researchers believe that, by the year 2000, 19 million could be homeless (American Red Cross 1). Homelessness is not a new problem in our society. In the second half of the 19th century, millions of immigrants poured into this country to find a better home. The immigration occurred around the same time as the abolition of slavery, when thousands of freed African Americans flocked to cities to look for work. At first, many of these people could not find homes or jobs. Since they were starting out with nothing, it took them awhile to get a foothold. Also, they were competing with many others who were just as poor and uneducated as they were. Large cities had huge ghettos filled with these newcomers. The living conditions were cramped and miserable. But this period was also an era of tremendous expansion for the country. Industrialization was sweeping thorough the cities, and new territories in the west were opening up. The expanding nation was able to put most of its new citizens to work. During the 1930s, the country faced another challenge: the Great Depression. Again, United States was confronted by widespread homelessness hunger, unemployment and poverty. Charity groups and religious organizations could not help everyone that needed assistance. Most citizens felt it was time for the government to step in to assist those of need ( Kraljic 6). From the 1930s to the 1960s, Social programs were setup to aid the poor and guarantee them food allowances, medical care, minimal income (Hyde 8). Welfare, food stamps, Medicaid health coverage and unemployment insurance all offer aid to those in need. The government supports theses programs largely with tax money paid by the public. When these programs were established, it was hoped that poverty and homelessness would eventually be abolished (Jencks 5). So what happened? Some of the programs set up by the government to assist the poor were cut back in the late 1970s and 1980s. The federal government spent less on social programs such as job training. In addition, the cost of food and clothing was increasing at the same time, as was the rest. And because of the cutbacks, poor people had less money to spend on these necessities. More and more people were facing poverty (Hyde 10). At one time, people could support themselves on welfare. But since 1970, the cost of living has tripled, yet government benefits have barely increased .u29cc0b26b27fefc405db2b63a4eb2d72 , .u29cc0b26b27fefc405db2b63a4eb2d72 .postImageUrl , .u29cc0b26b27fefc405db2b63a4eb2d72 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u29cc0b26b27fefc405db2b63a4eb2d72 , .u29cc0b26b27fefc405db2b63a4eb2d72:hover , .u29cc0b26b27fefc405db2b63a4eb2d72:visited , .u29cc0b26b27fefc405db2b63a4eb2d72:active { border:0!important; } .u29cc0b26b27fefc405db2b63a4eb2d72 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u29cc0b26b27fefc405db2b63a4eb2d72 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u29cc0b26b27fefc405db2b63a4eb2d72:active , .u29cc0b26b27fefc405db2b63a4eb2d72:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u29cc0b26b27fefc405db2b63a4eb2d72 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u29cc0b26b27fefc405db2b63a4eb2d72 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u29cc0b26b27fefc405db2b63a4eb2d72 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u29cc0b26b27fefc405db2b63a4eb2d72 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u29cc0b26b27fefc405db2b63a4eb2d72:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u29cc0b26b27fefc405db2b63a4eb2d72 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u29cc0b26b27fefc405db2b63a4eb2d72 .u29cc0b26b27fefc405db2b63a4eb2d72-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u29cc0b26b27fefc405db2b63a4eb2d72:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: To Kill A Mockingbird Essay SummaryBibliography: Copyright 1998-2000 national encol. .

Connected A Three Lumen Urethral Catheter †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Connected A Three Lumen Urethral Catheter? Answer: Introducation BPH or Benign Prostate hyperplasia is a disease in which the prostate of a male enlarges in size. The growth is non cancerous and happens because of the prostate stromal cell hyperplasia. The growth is associated with the proliferation of the smooth muscle, connective tissue and the epithelial cells present within the transition zone in the prostate gland. The report is discussing a case study of a 60-year-old patient, Mr. Alan Jones who was having urinary symptoms due to the Benign Prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The patient is obese and has diabetes Mellitus Type 2. Mr. Jones is also an alcoholic who drinks a bottle of wine every night. The surgery was performed under spinal anesthesia and the process of the surgery was transutheral resection of the prostate (TURP). The bladder of the patient is connected to a three lumen urethral catheter. After his surgery, the patient is reported to have large blood clots in his urine. The purpose of the report is to discuss the pathophysiology of his condition and the reason of the deterioration of the patient. The report also discusses the nursing management of the patient. The report also justifies the role of the members of the healthcare team. Albeit, the androgen hormones (testosterone and other related hormones) plays a big role in BPH development, but it does not directly causes the hyperplasia. The studies reported that Dihydrotestosterone(DHT), a metabolite of testosterone works as a mediator for the growth of the prostate (Kim et al., 2013). The metabolite is synthesized within the prostate because of the reaction of enzyme5-reductase as the testosterone circulates within the prostate. DHT works in the autocrine function in the stromal cells and in the epithelial cells, it works in the paracrine function (Bostanci et al., 2013). There is a record that estrogen might play a big role in causing BPH. It is estimated that the estrogen converts to androgen locally in the prostate tissue and initiates the cell proliferation. The onset of BPH is mainly age related and it rises markedly with age. It is reported that the volume of the prostate relatively increases with age. Some theories suggest that the weakening of the muscular tissue and fibrosis actually causes BPH. The role of the smooth muscle is actually prevalent in the onset of BPH as the myofibers of the muscular tissue gets broken because of aging and loses the potential for regeneration (Patel, Parsons, 2014). There are some reports that suggested that the onset of BPH has some genetic component. The study stated that 50% of men who is less than 60-year-old and underwent the surgery of BPH have inherited the disease. The pattern of inheritance shows that the pattern of inheritance is autosomal dominant (Haj-Ahmad, Abdalla, Haj-Ahmad, 2014). The increased amount of adipose tissues aids in the increase of prostate volume. The adipose amount is directly proportional to the increase of the prostate volume. The BMI (Basic Metabolic Index) is also proportional to the onset of BPH. The activity of the enzymes aromatase and 5-reductase increases as the males age. These enzymes are responsible for the conversion of testosterone and the other androgen hormones to dihydrotestosterone and estrogen (Gandaglia et al., 2013). As the testosterone and the androgen hormone metabolizes, the level of testosterone decreases and the level of estrogen and DHT rises (Kim et al, 2012). The raised level of estrogen causes the hyperplasia of the cells. As the median and the lateral lobes of the prostate have glandular composition, they are enlarged. The anterior lobe of the prostate enlarges less as it has little glandular structure (Gandaglia et al., 2013). TURP or transurethral resection of the prostrate is the surgical removal of a part of the prostrate. TURP syndrome is one of the most important risks associated with the TURP (Uddin et al., 2017). The initial symptoms of the TURP syndrome include a feeling of dizziness, headache, bradycardia or slow heartbeat and feeling sick. The initial TURP symptoms if not treated can develop risks that are threatening to life, which may result to seizures, breathing problem, cyanosis and may even lead to coma. The pathophysiology of the TURP syndrome includes the circulatory overload, water intoxication, hyponatremia, toxicity of glycine, ammonia and hypotension. The prostrate bed that has the venous network and the endometrium are found to uptake small amounts of fluid. This uptake in the fluid results in the significant decrease in the concentration of the serum and sodium (Ishio et al., 2015). This in turn results in the increase in the blood volume and the systolic and diastolic pressure following the failure of the heart. A neurological disorder is caused due to the increase in the content of the water in brain. This water intoxication also results in the seizures and coma and the fall in the serum sodium concentration. The proper functioning of the excitatory cells especially the heart and brain is carried out by sodium and the decrease in its concentration leads to hyponatremia, which involves restlessness, confusion and coma (McGowan-Smyth, Vasdev Gowrie-Mohan, 2015). The glycine toxicity, which is the result of the TURP syndrome, is threatening to retina and heart. Acute myocardial infarction may be a fatal outcome in patients who is suffering from TURP syndrome (De Lucia et al., 2014). The patients with the TURP syndrome are exposed to bacterimia, septicemia or toxemia where the bacteria may enter into the circulatory system and lead to a toxic state. The patient temporarily experience severe chills, fever and hypotension. Patients who are suffering from TURP syndrome need intensive nursing care. It is the duty of the nurse to maintain the stability of homeostasis, providing comfort of the patient and preventing the onset of any complication (Frede Rassweiler, 2017). It is also the duty of the nurse to provide the information to the patient and his family regarding the prognosis and the treatment of the syndrome. The nurse must assess the urine output of the patient in case of impaired urinary elimination. The nurse must also instruct the patient to assume the normal posture during micturition and carry out a regular check up of the incision and dressing. It is also the duty of the nurse to observe regularly the loss of excessive blood if there is any and the initiation of any infection. The nurse must keep a record of the time, the voiding amount, urgency and the incapability of retaining urine. The patient must encourage the patient to void if he experiences the urge and follow the instructions that is provided by the nurse. The nurse should provide the patient with essential information that would help the patient to deal with his disease. This may also make the patient to return to the normal life. The interdisciplinary team for Alan Jones who would provide care before his discharge involves the hospital staff of the OT, a counselor and a dietician. They would play a crucial role in providing proper care to him before being discharged so that his health condition gets improved in less amount of time. The nurses in the OT should organize proper planning of his discharge. Since his urine contains large amount of blood clots, they should consult the doctor to remove the clot with the help of syringe containing sterile water containing salt. Since his pain score was 0/10, the staff should keep a check on his pain levels in a regular manner and provide appropriate medications if required (Heidenreich et al.,2014). The nursing staff should keep a check and monitor if there are any abnormal signs and symptoms. They should monitor several health parameters such as respiration rate, blood pressure, pulse, and temperature of Alan Jones. They should make sure that his health condition is stable enough to discharge him after 2 days. The nursing staff of the OT should advise him to follow several precautions such as reduced intake of alcohol as he has a medical history of obesity and diabetes. They should also provide proper follow-ups to the patient and his son after the surgery to explain the dosage of medicaments that were prescribed to him. They should provide anti-nausea medicines if he experiences any symptoms of nausea or vomiting after the surgery. They should be patient while dealing with him and should follow all the moral values and ethics of nursing profession (Pannick et al., 2015). The counselor should interact and make him feel positive to avoid any psychological issues of distress and anxiety that might occur after the surgery. This will make him comfortable and improve his trust in the healthcare services provided to him. A dietician should be appointed for him to follow a nutritious diet, exercise regularly and improve his social interaction with his family members and friends. Alan Jones can also be provided physiotherapy sessions and rehabilitation if advised by the doctors (Huri, Akel ?ahin, 2016). Hence, it can be concluded that several measures after the surgery of Alan Jones that should be taken by the clinicians and the nursing staff to avoid different types of infection, injury or accidents .The nurses and the doctors should provide safety to the patient to reduce the risk of complications, rate of recovery. This will help in reducing the increased stay in the hospitals and unnecessary deaths of patients. The nursing staff, counselor and the dietician should provide appropriate care to Alan Jones after the surgery so that he is not attacked by any kind of infectious agent. They should also monitor his health condition and provide proper follow-ups to prevent any other signs and symptoms that might occur after the surgical procedure. The hospital staff should have a responsible attitude and be patient while providing care to him. The hospital management, doctors and the nurses should support him and his family members. References: Bostanci, Y., Kazzazi, A., Momtahen, S., Laze, J., Djavan, B. (2013). Correlation between benign prostatic hyperplasia and inflammation.Current opinion in urology,23(1), 5-10. De Lucia, C., Femminella, G. D., Komici, K., Rengo, G., Ferrara, N. (2014). Risk of Myocardial Infarction in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Prostatic Diseases.MYOCARDIAL INFARCTIONS, 77. Frede, T., Rassweiler, J. J. (2017). Management of Postoperative Complications Following TURP. InPractical Tips in Urology(pp. 493-501). Springer London. Gandaglia, G., Briganti, A., Gontero, P., Mondaini, N., Novara, G., Salonia, A., ... Montorsi, F. (2013). The role of chronic prostatic inflammation in the pathogenesis and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).BJU international,112(4), 432-441. Haj-Ahmad, T. A., Abdalla, M. A., Haj-Ahmad, Y. (2014). Potential urinary miRNA biomarker candidates for the accurate detection of prostate cancer among benign prostatic hyperplasia patients.Journal of Cancer,5(3), 182. Heidenreich, A., Bastian, P. J., Bellmunt, J., Bolla, M., Joniau, S., van der Kwast, T., ... Mottet, N. (2014). EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. Part 1: screening, diagnosis, and local treatment with curative intentupdate 2013.European urology,65(1), 124-137. Huri, M., Akel, B. S., ?ahin, S. (2016). Rehabilitation of Patients with Prostate Cancer. InProstate Cancer-Leading-edge Diagnostic Procedures and Treatments. InTech. Ishio, J., Nakahira, J., Sawai, T., Inamoto, T., Fujiwara, A., Minami, T. (2015). Change in serum sodium level predicts clinical manifestations of transurethral resection syndrome: a retrospective review.BMC anesthesiology,15(1), 52. Kim, M. K., Zhao, C., Kim, S. D., Kim, D. G., Park, J. K. (2012). Relationship of sex hormones and nocturia in lower urinary tract symptoms induced by benign prostatic hyperplasia.The Aging Male,15(2), 90-95. McGowan-Smyth, S., Vasdev, N., Gowrie-Mohan, S. (2015). Spinal anesthesia facilitates the early recognition of TUR syndrome.Current urology,9(2), 57-61. Pannick, S., Davis, R., Ashrafian, H., Byrne, B. E., Beveridge, I., Athanasiou, T., ... Sevdalis, N. (2015). Effects of interdisciplinary team care interventions on general medical wards: a systematic review.JAMA internal medicine,175(8), 1288-1298. Patel, N. D., Parsons, J. K. (2014). Epidemiology and etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia and bladder outlet obstruction.Indian journal of urology: IJU: journal of the Urological Society of India,30(2), 170. Uddin, M. M., Amin, R., Rahman, M. M., Chowdhury, S. M., Khan, M. R., Islam, M. R. (2017). Retrospective Review of TURP Done in One Year and Report on Postoperative Outcome.KYAMC Journal,4(1), 321-325.

The TJX company free essay sample

The company used Wired Equivalent Privacy encryption system to handle their client’s credit and debit card information. This system was very easy for any hacker to gain access to people’s information. It was completely out of date and did not encrypt anything within the company, which made it more vulnerable. They did not install firewall security correctly. TJX had purchased many other security programs that were not properly installed. They kept customer’s information in their system longer than what is required by law. TJX could have switched to WiFi Protected Access (WPA) to encrypt their client’s personal data information, but failed to do so. This system is much more sophisticated that the previous system and it encrypted everyone’s information, because it was more complex. Firewalls should have been installed correctly because it could have been prevented and would have saved the company the embarrassment of knowing that their system was not safe. We will write a custom essay sample on The TJX company or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This data should have been protected when transferring information over a wireless connection. The business effect of TJX’s data loss will cost them significantly. Because of their incompetence of not installing the proper software needed to ensure customer’s information, this will cost them $202 million to deal with the theft and the lawsuits brought on. They agreed to strengthen their system security and agreed to have third-party auditors to check their security features every 2 years, for the next 20 years. There was research conducted by a company called Forrester Research, which estimated that their business would cost them $1 billion for the next five years. This finding was based on the cost of additional marketing, security upgrades, consultants, and attorney fees. The moral dimension that may be applied is the fact that they need to ensure that the customer’s information is secure and encrypted. The next thing for the company is to take full responsibility for the data loss when they could have taken the simple measures of doing so.

Beowolf essays

Beowolf essays Beowolf is the oldest piece of British literature, and has survived for over thirteen hundred years. Scops passed this epic for two hundred years until it was finally written down by a Christian monk in 700 A. D.. The hero Beowulf continually demonstrates bravery throughout this cartoonistic tale which eventually leads to foolhardiness, a characteristic of the human condition that is still valid This epic is a traditional good vs. evil story. Beowolf battles three monsters throughout the story. The first two he does for the good of the people. His army thanks God when things go their way and throughout the story there are references to both Christian and Pagan beliefs, which gives it universal appeal. During his battle with Grendal, his mail shirt has supernatural powers, like the power of God. Grendals ferocious claws cannot touch Beowulf due to his powerful mail shirt. When he battles Grendals mother, he is given the sword of God. This sword is so powerful that it is able to cut off Grendals head. Then Beowulf single-handedly carries his head back to the people, a head that reportedly would need four normally strong men. Beowolf has a third heroic attempt at killing another bothersome monster. However, during his fifty years as king he has grown somewhat egocentric. Instead of trying to kill the monster for the good of his people, he does is because he knows he can and to prove himself, yet again. He even goes as far as telling his army not to help him, that this is a job for one man only; him. During this fight, he is not aided by God and it leads to his demise. The monster dragon dies but not before ripping Beowulfs throat. This story has survived hundreds of years for many reasons. It has a cartoonistic quality to it due to the detailed scenes of blood and guts which gives it a humorous quality. It was ...

The Anglosaxons, William the conqueror and the celts)

The Anglosaxons, William the conqueror and the celts) The Anglo-Saxons were the first to be known as English. They arrived in AD 499, after the Romans left. They came from the very powerful Germanic tribes: The Saxons (Denmark), the Anglos (Northern Germany) and the Jutes. One of the important figures of the Anglo-Saxons period is William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, and King of England in 1035. Also the Celts played a great influence in their way of life. They followed the rules from the Magna Carta. One of the greatest vestiges of the culture is The Burial called "Sutton hoo" which was a ship where the nobility was buried. This research paper shows a general view of the English culture during the Anglo-Saxon period.William the Conqueror (1027-1087), King of England and illegitimate son of Robert, Duke of Normandy, was born at Falaise, France in 1027. William succeeded his father as a Duke the regrets who ruled for him were faced with rebellious nobles.RÃ ¦dwald's burial mound (Mound I), Sutton HooThe company in the royal or noble hall provided the audience for a literature which mirrored the age: Heroic lays recited by Professional bards. The surviving fragments include one major epic: "Beowulf" (Halsey, p. 491)In 1047 a serious rebellion of nobles occurred, and William with the aid of Henry, King of France, gained a great victory at Val-es-Dunes, near Caen, which led the following year to the capture of two strong castles, AleÂÆ'Â §on and Domfront. That was his base of operations. In 1054, the young Duke made himself master of provinces and acquired incredible power. After a couple of years of battles and training, William began to take a great interest in English Affairs. He married Matilda, the daughter of the Earl of Flanders, in 1503, but against the papal acceptances. King Harold found himself on Norman soil in 1064, was constrained...

Reagan and the 1983 Marines Barracks Massacre in Beirut

Reagan and the 1983 Marines Barracks Massacre in Beirut In 2002, the Presidential Oral History Program at the University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs interviewed Caspar Weinberger about the six years (1981-1987) he spent as Ronald Reagan’s Secretary of Defense. Stephen Knott, the interviewer, asked him about the bombing of the U.S. Marines barracks in Beirut on Oct. 23, 1983, which killed 241 Marines. Here’s his answer: Weinberger: Well, that’s one of my saddest memories. I was not persuasive enough to persuade the President that the Marines were there on an impossible mission. They were very lightly armed. They were not permitted to take the high ground in front of them or the flanks on either side. They had no mission except to sit at the airport, which is just like sitting in a bull’s eye. Theoretically, their presence was supposed to support the idea of disengagement and ultimate peace. I said, â€Å"They’re in a position of extraordinary danger. They have no mission. They have no capability of carrying out a mission, and they’re terribly vulnerable.† It didn’t take any gift of prophecy or anything to see how vulnerable they were. When that horrible tragedy came, why, as I say, I took it very personally and still feel responsible in not having been persuasive enough to overcome the arguments that â€Å"Marines don’t cut and run,† and â€Å"We can’t leave because we’re there,† and all of that. I begged the President at least to pull them back and put them back on their transports as a more defensible position. That ultimately, of course, was done after the tragedy. Knott also asked Weinberger about â€Å"the impact that the tragedy had on President Reagan.† Weinberger: Well, it was very, very marked, there was no question about it. And it couldn’t have come at a worse time. We were planning that very weekend for the actions in Grenada to overcome the anarchy that was down there and the potential seizure of American students, and all the memories of the Iranian hostages. We had planned that for Monday morning, and this terrible event occurred on Saturday night. Yes, it had a very deep effect. We talked a few minutes ago about the strategic defense. One of the other things that had a tremendous effect on him was the necessity of playing these war games and rehearsing, in which we went over the role of the President. The standard scenario was that â€Å"the Soviets had launched a missile. You have eighteen minutes, Mr. President. What are we going to do?† He said, â€Å"Almost any target we attack will have huge collateral damage.† Collateral damage is the polite way of phrasing the number of innocent women and children who are killed because you’re engaging in a war, and it was up in the hundreds of thousands. That is one of the things, I think, that convinced him that we not only had to have a strategic defense, but we should offer to share it. That was another of the things that was quite unusual about our acquiring strategic defense, and which now seems largely forgotten. When we got it, we said he would share it with the world, so as to render all of these weapons useless. He insisted on that kind of proposal. And as it turned out, with this cold war ending and all, it didn’t become necessary. One thing that disappointed him most was the reaction of the academic and the so-called defense expert community to this proposal. They were horrified. They threw up their hands. It was worse than talking about evil empire. Here you were undermining the years and years of academic discipline that you shouldn’t have any defense. He said he simply did not want to trust the future of the world to philosophic assumptions. And all the evidence was that the Soviets were preparing for a nuclear war. They had these huge underground cities and underground communications. They were setting up environments in which they could live for a long time and keep their command and control communications capabilities. But people didn’t want to believe that and therefore didn’t believe it. Read the full interview at the Miller Center for Public Affairs.

When the Biblical Exodus Would Have Taken Place

When the Biblical Exodus Would Have Taken Place Exodus is not only the name of a book in the Old Testament but a momentous event for the Hebrew people- their departure from Egypt. Unfortunately, there is no easy answer as to when it occurred. Was the Exodus Real? Although there can be a chronology within the framework of a fictional story or myth, dating the events is generally impossible. To have a historical date, normally an event must be real; therefore the question must be asked as to whether or not the Exodus actually happened. Some believe the Exodus never took place because there is no physical or literary proof beyond the Bible. Others say all the proof that is needed is in the Bible. While there will always be skeptics, most assume there was some basis in historical/archaeological fact. How Do Archaeologists and Historians Date the Event? Archaeologists and historians, comparing archaeological, historical, and Biblical records, tend to date the Exodus somewhere between the 3d and 2d millennia B.C. Most favor one of three basic time frames: 16th century B.C.15th century B.C.13th century B.C. The main problem with dating the Exodus is that archaeological evidence and Biblical references do not line up. 16th, 15th Century Dating Problems Make the period of the Judges too long (300-400 years long),Involve extensive interaction with kingdoms which only came into existence laterMake no mention of the heavy local influence the Egyptians had in the area of Syria and Palestine 16th, 15th Century Support However, some Biblical evidence supports the 15th-century date, and the expulsion of the Hyksos favors the earlier date. The expulsion of the Hyksos evidence is important because it is the only historically recorded collective exodus from Egypt of people from Asia until the first millennium B.C. Advantages of the 13th Century Date The 13th century date solves the problems of the earlier ones (the period of the Judges would not be too long, there is archaeological evidence of the kingdoms the Hebrews had extensive contact with, and the Egyptians were no longer a major force in the area) and is the date accepted by more archaeologists and historians than the others. With the 13th century dating of the Exodus, settlement of Canaan by the Israelites occurs in the 12th century B.C.

Belkiz Feedaway Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Belkiz Feedaway - Essay Example Assuming that I sell the portable feeding chair at the price of US$150 each, the company will have a demand of as much as 500 pieces of portable feeding chair per month. In case I decided to sell the portable feeding chair at the price of US$350 per chair, the company will be able to sell only 200 pieces of its portable feeding chair per month. (See Graph I – Investment on Price Elastic Product (Portable Feeding Chair) below) A portable feeding chair made out of strong recyclable cardboard is considered as a homogenous product. It means that the product itself can be easily copied by other cardboard manufacturers. For this reason, it is not advisable on the part of Belkiz Feedaway to sell its product as inelastic product. By maintaining the price elasticity of demand, the company will be able to continuously sell the product all year round. To determine the best pricing strategy for Belkiz Feedaway’s portable feeding chair, there is a strong need for the marketing manager to conduct a market analysis which includes market segmentation, targeting, and positioning of the product in the market. Since a portable feeding chair is designed for toddler’s use, the target markets for this product are couples or single parent with new born child. Based on statistics of newborn children each year, the company could estimate roughly how big its potential market is within the United States. Since this product is relatively new in the market, the company can take advantage of pricing the product not too high and not too low. Since there are no other substitute for this product in the market as of the present time, the company has more bargaining power over its target consumers. With regards to product pricing, it is important to consider the volume of portable feeding chair the company can produce. Even though demand for the product is high, the availability of supply could also affect the pricing of the product until such point that the

Cross Cultural Awareness for Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cross Cultural Awareness for Business - Essay Example Essentially, culture refers to the traditions, set of values, and norms or practices that tend to influence the ways in which individuals behave, think, make a judgement and also their perceptions within a group setting. The perception that employees may have about an organization tends to influence the way in which they tend to complete organizational tasks that may not be in line with the deadlines. This brings about the idea of cultural competence that refers to the ability for individuals within an organization to interact in an effective manner with people from different cultures. This may draw from their worldviews and the understanding of other people’s culture’s and also being tolerant of them (French, 2010). Based on this overview, this essay will delve into the emic approach in understanding and managing people in the workplace that have cultural differences by referring to the works of two writers. The focus will be on the value of their contribution to cross-cultural managers and also refer to four countries in which this approach is applied. Ideally, the emic and etic approach is a form of field research performed with the aim of obtaining various viewpoints within a social group from with the observer’s perspective and also from that of the subject at hand. In much detail, the emic approach determines the way in which people from a locality think, they way that they perceive and explain things, the way they behave as per their rules and also the things that bring meaning to them. These approaches to to manage cross culture within the workplace were developed by Kenneth Pike in 1954 to which his suggestion was that when both of them integrate then this is likely to yield more positive results (Ritchey, 2011). The emic approach requires the examining of each culture in order to determine the way in which those applying this approach interpret certain observable facts. The emic approach is drawn from the phonemic term and the etic

Email for Prescription for control system Coursework

Email for Prescription for control system - Coursework Example er relevant budgets that need to be prepared to analyze the movement of costs are: production budget; raw materials and purchasing budget; as well as labor budget (Agriculture and Consumer Protection, n.d.); 4. The production budget should contain the following the following information where the budget is â€Å"expressed in quantitative terms only and is geared to the sales budget. The production managers duties include: (a) analysis of plant utilization; and (b) work-in-progress budgets. If requirements exceed capacity he may: (i) subcontract; (ii) plan for overtime; (iii) introduce shift work; or (iv) hire or buy additional machinery† (Agriculture and Consumer Protection, n.d., p. 1); 5. The raw materials and purchasing budget should be evaluated in the light of factors that could influence and affect these, including production requirements; planning stock levels; storage space; and trends of material prices (Agriculture and Consumer Protection, n.d.). 6. The labor budget, finally, must be analyzed in terms of the following factors that influence and affect the costs: production requirements; man-hours available and used; grades of labour required; wage rates (union agreements); and the need for incentives (Agriculture and Consumer Protection, n.d.). 10. These costs should therefore be monitored on a regular basis, say monthly, quarterly and annually, against the budgets prepared to determine the factors influencing them and to institute the required courses of action to control and manage these costs. In response to your proposal to purchase an offset press to print manuals, instead of purchasing them from local print shops, please be advised that to enable management to decide on its feasibility and viability, the following information would be required for comprehensive and effective review: 2. The installation cost to be incurred should be determined. Some suppliers incorporate the cost of installation to their quotation price for the equipment. Since

Explanatory synthesis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Explanatory synthesis paper - Essay Example It is good to note that advertisements alone are not enough. Hence, advertisers couple advertising with branding. Branding involves the forming of an outstanding and unique image of the service or product so as to make a niche out of the target group that can identify with the service or product. Advertising and branding have both merits and demerits that affect the society on which they are expressed upon. This paper looks at the effects of advertising on society. The ideas on which these effects are based upon include health, psychological appeals, creativity and economic importance. Researchers have researched on the ways by which advertisements affect people mentally. By stating mentally, it means the way in which the perspective of people in the society towards what is being advertised is affected. Depending on their education levels, gender and age, people in the society are affected differently. Baker (2001) states that, the executives of advertising companies claimed that the advertisements that are broadcast affect the interests of students as the advertisements are delivered in manner that appeals to them. Advertisers make use of various appeals like power and status, and the appeal to a certain belonging so as to ensure that the aim of the particular advertisement is attained. Agencies that are involved with regulation of advertisements have stated that various advertisements are not in accordance with the promotion of healthy eating habits. They state that advertisers take advantage of the vulnerability of school going children and teenagers to lead them into eating junk food which is a major cause of obesity. Crary (2007), states that the Campaign for a Commercial – Free Childhood indicates that the advertisement Shrek the Third promotes the undertaking of unhealthy foods which is depicted by Shrek an animated ogre. This is complicated by the fact that Shrek is used in two advertisements that tend to

Urbanization, Population and the Environment Essay

Urbanization, Population and the Environment - Essay Example This increase as well as migration of the world population will have an effect on the natural environmental resources owing to the increased consumption of food, energy, water and land. It has increased the air, water and noise pollution levels and other phenomena such as global warming which is adversely affecting the health of the population (Torrey; Ichimura). In addition, urbanization has also resulted in extensive exploitation of the natural resources thus leaving irreversible ecological footprints that have long-term effects on the population (Ichimura). Thus both the quality of life and environmental degradation are the major effects of urbanization and as the population in the urban areas is poised to increase in the future suitable strategies need to be implemented in order to maintain agricultural yield, energy and utilization of other natural resources such as water to sustain life. Urbanization is defined as the â€Å"process by which rural areas become urbanized as a result of economic development and industrialization† (Peng, Xiangming and Cheng). However, urbanization is also defined in demographic terms as the redistribution of the population from the rural to the urban areas over a period of time (Ichimura; Peng, Xiangming and Cheng). Urban settlements are larger and denser and the population is a heterogeneous group of people coexisting in the area while rural regions are smaller and less differentiated (Peng, Xiangming and Cheng). According to estimates only about 2 percent of the world population lived in urban settlements during the 1800’s, however, within a span of 200 years it has rose to 50 percent with the development of 18 megacities as of 2000.

Effect of Service Content Quality Essay Example for Free

Effect of Service Content Quality Essay Introduction: The growth of Internet Mediated Environment (IME) based services has changed the manner in which firms and consumers interact. This paper aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the role service quality dimensions play in developing service enjoyment and loyalty in IMEs. We are in the era of service-based economies. The services sector has grown to dominate economic activity in today’s advanced industrial economies. Interestingly, within the growing service-dominated economies, increased innovation in Information Technology (IT) has dramatically altered services conceptualization, development, delivery and consumption. By extending the definition of an electronic service, we define IME services as being mediated via information technology (IT) where the consumer interacts with an appropriate user interface such as web site, mobile phone, iPhone, PDA, iPad, virtual world environment, tablets, etc., in order to gain a consumption experience and pursue desired benefits for another entity or the entity itself (self-service). Innovations related to IT and novel Internet-based service delivery in IMEs and consumption are fueling extraordinary growth in demand for existing as well as new services. Problem Statement: The study is to investigate the some of the dimensions of online service content quality and service delivery quality such as navigation, visual appeal, timeliness, access, content customization and reliability leading to enjoyment and loyalty. Significance of the research: Both Information Systems (IS) and Marketing scholars have recognized this paradigmatic shift from the exchange of goods toward a service-centered model of exchange in which the consumer plays a pivotal role, specifically in the case of online services. In this context, there is an increasing emphasis on service quality rather than manufacturing quality regardless of the industry. A customer’s willingness to maintain a relationship with a firm is contingent on his or her perception of the benefits of high-quality service that provides a continuous flow of value. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE Review of Literature: Service Content quality: Service content quality is defined as the extent to which complete, accurate, and timely content is provided to online consumers during the interaction process with the user interface in the IME. The user interface is a critical component in the IME service experience. In the context of the online environment, the store layout and design particularly influences the consumer’s service consumption experience. To capture service content quality we have identified the following three antecedents based on the literature: visual appearance, navigation, and preview. These dimensions have been found to be important in the context of online services in past IS studies. Visual Appearance: A consumer’s perception of the visual appeal projected by the service is driven by the design, physical attractiveness, and beauty inherent to the service interface. Visual appearance in IMEs can be defined as an overall output of image or personality generated from website components such as text, style, graphics, colors, logos, themes and slogans. Websites with a more visually acceptable interface often result in greater service quality and can influence a consumer’s IME experience and ultimately his or her long-term service provider relationship. Consequently, the interface appearance is one of the most important aspects of the IME experience. Navigation: Consumers want and demand websites that are simply designed and easy to use. Ease of navigation has surfaced as a critical element, since the IME lacks most of the interactional human elements so vital in offline service delivery. Navigation challenges, such as getting lost is often associated with a consumer’s confusion, frustration, and anger, and thus negative experiences. To negate this danger, IME navigation features have been developed to prevent consumers from becoming lost. A considerable amount of freely available information, if it is well organized and easily accessed, is frequently mentioned by consumers as an important reason to interact with an IME. The ease of navigation in the IME is expected to enhance service content quality. Customized Preview: Customized preview is the ability to tailor products, services and the environment to individual customers. Preview is expected to influence loyalty towards the service by creating the perception of an increased choice set by enabling quick focus, signaling high quality and lead to a better match of what the customer actually wants. Service Delivery Quality: Service delivery quality is defined as the manner in which IME functionalities are made accessible to consumers via the service provider’s website as a delivery channel. IME service providers have realized that consumers are concerned with the service delivery process and outcome. The following dimensions of service delivery quality: accessibility, reliability, and timeliness are taken. Accessibility: Accessibility is related to the actions taken by the service provider to ensure no service interruption. More and more customers now look for company access and support via IMEs. Potential service failures impact future business because they weaken the customer-company bonds and perceptions of service quality. In this research, accessibility is defined as the level of efforts taken to minimize service disruptions. Reliability: In offline contexts, reliability is defined as the â€Å"ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately†. Similarly, IME reliability is concerned with the delivery of the service in good condition, on time, and exactly as it was displayed. A study of online failures stated that consumers noted delivery issues as the most frequently stated problem. Consumers place significant emphasis on service outcome and service quality, which will suffer if a service provider fails to deliver as expected. Such failures can result in significant costs to the firm, such as lost customers and negative word of mouth. Consequently, service failure is a driving factor explaining customer switching behavior. Timeliness: One of the significant IME benefits is the near-time or immediate service delivery. IMEs lack most of the interactional human elements so vital to the traditional service experience which typically lead to service delivery lag times. In terms of online versus offline purchasing, online purchasers’ beneï ¬ t in the fact that they receive timely information directly from the website without having to seek a salesperson. Access speed and performance appear as critical to the assessment of quality in IMEs. Service Enjoyment: Just as shopping enjoyment is important in offline environments, it can be equally important in IMEs. Hirschman and Holbrook introduced the Hedonic Consumption concept which designates â€Å"those facets of consumer behavior that relate to the multisensory, fantasy and emotive aspects of one’s experience with products† to explain enjoyment’s role in the consumer experience. IS research has suggested that intrinsic enjoyment associated with website usage can positively impact a consumer’s web usage over time. Koufaris applied the model of flow and found that the emotional reaction to a website (intrinsic enjoyment) influenced the intention to return. Thus, service enjoyment is suggested to influence the IME consumer experience. Service Content Quality and Enjoyment: Service content quality is a critical component in the IME experience. In the context of the online environment, the store layout and design influences the consumer’s online activity and service consumption. In IMEs, the spatial layout and functionality are especially important since availability of direct human employee assistance is minimal. Mathwick, Malhotra, and Rigdon suggest that in online environments, the use of color, graphic layout and photographic quality combine to influence a desirable consumption experience. Éthier, Hadaya, Talbot, and Cadieux demonstrates that web site content quality has a significant positive impact on the cognitive appraisal including liking, joy, pride, dislike, and frustration. Van der Heijden found that perceived enjoyment affected intended and actual use of the website. Service Delivery Quality and Enjoyment: IME delivered services have increased convenience in terms of time, place and use. For example, consumers can now pay their bills online, setup automatic mortgage payments or track packages at any time of day. Therefore, service delivery quality pertains to the consumer-website interaction during the process when the consumer is looking for information, selecting from available options or carrying out a transaction. According to Luong, â€Å"Service delivery seems to imply service encounters that entail more intense and deliberate use of emotions.† Loyalty: Loyalty is yielded through the process of repeated interaction between consumers and the online service. Achieving customer loyalty is critical for IME service provider economic success. The fear in the online environment is that the inherent low switching costs enable competing online firms to be just a click away. Loyalty can be defined both behaviorally and attitudinally. Behaviorally, loyalty consists of repeated purchases of a brand, whereas attitudinally loyalty includes a degree of dispositional commitment in terms of some unique value associated with the brand. Perceived service quality has been suggested to be positively related to loyalty. According to Garbarino and Johnson, consumer perceived service enjoyment and commitment are believed to summarize consumer knowledge and guide subsequent loyalty actions. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Title: A study on the effect of service content quality and service delivery quality, leading to loyalty in online banking system. Objectives: Main Objective: To study the effect of antecedents of service quality leading to loyalty in online banking system pertaining to South Indian Bank Specific Objectives: * To study antecedents such as visual appeal, navigation and customized preview effect on online service content quality * To study antecedents such as accessibility, reliability and timeliness effect on online service delivery quality * To study service content quality and service delivery qualities effect on consumer’s perception of service enjoyment * To study service content quality and service delivery quality mediated by service enjoyment effect on consumer loyalty in banking websites.

BOH Tea And Consumer Behavior

BOH Tea And Consumer Behavior BOH Plantation Sdn Bhd was found by John Archibald Russell in the year 1929, together with A.B. Milne, a veteran in tea planting from Ceylon they succeeded in obtaining a concession of land in Cameron Highland in order to start the tea plantation business. Together the duo transforms steep jungles slopes into a tea garden known as BOH Plantations, which is the 1st highland tea garden in the country. BOH Plantations business begins to bloom and currently is the leading tea grower in the country. The plantation expanded and owns four tea gardens, of which three is located 5000 ft above sea level and is situated in Cameron Highlands, and the fourth is centralizing in Bukit Cheeding, Selangor. Collectively, the gardens size in total is 1200ha. BOH Plantation has been firmly entrenched that most Malaysia drinks BOH tea moe re than any other brand. BOH tea are available in 3 different forms ( tea packets, tea bags, tea dust). The company currently produces 4 million kg of tea in a year. Malaysian consumes 10million kg of tea which makes BOH tea largest producer locally of black tea, in terms of cuppage, BOH tea produces about 5.5 million per day which almost meets 50% of tea consumption requirement in the country. The success story of BOH Plantation continues to be Malaysias leading brand in tea and is also exporting to Brunei, Japan, Singapore, United Arab Emirates and also the US. Consumer Decision Process BOH tea Consumer Decision Process is basically known as a cognitive process. Consumer is aware of a need or wants and search for possible ways to satisfy it. Awareness of consumer is not an automatic process; it is actually selective external procedure. Example, consumers are expose to thousands of messages that persuades them from advertising, political organization, religious groups , food products and many more other resources. This mass information that seeks out consumer attention then filtered out by individual in order to make the decision in buying a product. In order for a consumer to purchase a product, he or she has to go through the 5 stages of consumer decision process. These 5 stages of consumer decision making process are very important for consumer to make an accurate decision in satisfying their needs and wants. The stages flow in sequence beginning with problem recognition and ending with post-purchase evaluation. The 5 stages are as graph above: Problem Recognition Information Search Evaluation and Selection of Alternatives Decision Implementation Post-purchase Evaluation Problem Recognition The consumer decision process begins when a consumer is aware of satisfying their needs or wants. Example, Jason might need a new football shoe to replace the old depreciated one or Sarah need s a new computer to replace the her old want which is not performing as well as it was before. These kind of problem shows that consumer have recognized and identify their problem such as actual state and desired state. BOH tea inspires the consumer by tackling the health benefits of drinking tea and how BOH provides quality and innovative tea products. For the past decade, health benefits have caught the attention of the wide coverage of media. Numerous studies have shown that the antioxidant polyphenols of tea has the anti-cancer properties and also able to reduce the risk of gastric, and also skin cancer. This health benefits has increase the demand of tea in the market. Prevention is better than cure; this statement has drive consumers to seek for solution in reducing the chance of getting sick and that is mainly the problem face by consumer. This is where tea becomes the problem solver. This is where BOH tea as Malaysian leading brand provides with high quality tea that satisfies and produce a healthier lifestyle for the consumer in Malaysia. Tea may protect cancer caused by smoking Tea drinker has lower blood pressure Green, Black and Oolong tea Tea can lower cholesterol level and protect against heart diseases Tea believed to boost the bodys defense system Health benefits from consuming tea (http://www.2basnob.com/health-benefits-of-tea.html) Information Research When consumers identify a problem, they will find ways to solve the problems. Example, Sarah would pay more attention to product information of a personal computer. She will be more aware and attentive towards computer advertisement, friends choice of computer brand, and online information regarding different brand of computer. In the process of gathering this information , Sarah as a consumer will began to learn more about the brands of computers that compete in the market and their features and characteristic that satisfy the needs and wants of various consumer. However, awareness itself is not strong enough to guarantee the continuation of process decision making, unless he or she believes that there is a solution to solve their problem. If high level of involvement is engagement, consumer will advance to seek more resources regarding the product that they want. Internal and external search take place within consumer memory system. In the case of BOH tea, since it is the leading t ea brand in Malaysia it is important to strengthen the brands leadership by capturing the attention of consumer through innovative tea products. BOH tea has to provide extensive information about their quality and innovative tea products, in order for consumer to obtain knowledge of their tea easily Internal Research Internal research is an attempt to seek information in the form of pre-existing knowledge such as attitudes and beliefs of the problem. However, if the problem is new to the consumer, then it is inadequate to make the decision making and external research is a necessity. This research is not entirely resourceful because consumer might be unable to recall the reason of purchasing the product or opinion made during the consumption process. In order for BOH tea to leave a good impression, their catchy phrase ada Ummph which literally means more than words can describe kind of feeling to show the great quality of tea that is produce by BOH tea. This phrase will strongly register the brands name in the mind of consumer, so that the next time they want to purchase tea, BOH tea will be their 1st choice as the ada Ummph phrase shows that consumer will never regret in consuming their tea . External Research External research provides more resourceful information from organization, friends, families, society and many more. Consumer are willing to access for secondary information from online resources, advertisement, brochures and many more in order to provide them with the excess knowledge to purchase the computer of their choice. Tea drinker in Malaysia will not escape the attention of BOH tea, as their product can be obtained from most retail outlets. BOH tea has also promoted their tea in the form of newspaper advertisement, television commercial, and also campaigns. BOH tea promotes their tea with bonding with love ones by creating moments of togetherness with loved ones. This is to show that a cup of tea can unite everyone together without any restriction . All this information plays an important role in the mental processing of the mind which includes short term and long-term memory storage. Example, information gain regarding the personal computer will only be in Sarahs mind for a brief moment if it is not stored in the long -term storage. Once Sarah stores it in the long term storage, she will be able to recall the characteristic of the computers brands and make the decision making without it being lost in a minute. Three main operation takes place in the memory so that the information can be retrieve later on Rehearsal Mental repetition of product information. Example, BOH tea ade Ummph phrase remind consumer of their good quality of tea Encoding Information interprets which allows long-term storage. Example, consumer will register the types of tea products so that consumer can pick the choice that they like. Storage Information stored in long-term memory. Example, when it comes to tea consumption, Malaysian consumer will remember BOH tea, as the tea with high quality and creates bonding between family members. Graph below shows the choice that is choice that has to be made by Sarah after obtaining the desired information that is needed by her. Computer brands that is aware by Sarah. Example, Acer, Apple, Compaq, Dell, HP, Sony, and Toshiba Subset of computer brands that is aware by Sarah in the market Affordable and high performance brands will be Sarahs best choice of purchasing a computer. Example, Dell and Acer which is affordable and high performance With more information, only selective few strong candidates are remain Choice Set Sarah might make her decision on a Dell computer because it is cheaper and long lasting compared to Sony which is too expensive and unaffordable Brands that satisfy her buying criteria of a computer. Example, the price is affordable and high performance Evoke / Consideration set Awareness Set Evaluation and Selection of Alternatives The following step allows the consumer to evaluate the brands from the information that is obtained. However, there is no specific evaluation process is applied by all consumer in buying situation. Thus, consumers sees product as a bundle of attributes such as the need, benefits, and attributes in order to make the right decision that satisfy their needs and wants. This bundle of attributes is actually a products objective and subjective factors. Objective factor BOH tea provides high quality tea that provides health benefits Subjective factors Comparison of BOH Tea and Lipton tea, BOH tea being the outstanding as product is a national brand. It is also cheap and easily obtain. Purchase Decision Purchasing the brand BOH tea satisfies the entire spectrum of the non-alcoholic beverage in Malaysia and encourages tea to be consumed including, cold, instant, traditional or in any other form that is preferred by consumer. This satisfies the consumer by providing choice of tea consumption according to their taste This is the stage where consumer has decided which brand of product that he or she wants after a making comparison with all the availability of product brands. Consumer will then have to select 2 specific elements which is purchasing the brand choice and purchasing time. Purchasing Time Product can be purchase in most retail outlet in the form of packages. Consumer can also buy it in bundle during promotion period too. Post purchase evaluation In this stage the level of purchase involvement of consumer is very important, it is often known as the level of concern for or interest in the purchase and heavily depends on the extensive information that is seek by the consumer in making a purchase decision. Low purchase involvement process Example, suppose if a buyer buys a certain brand of product (e.g., BOH tea) as a matter of habit, this means the drink is a low purchase involvement situation and consumers do not have to evaluate and seek information extensively. This case consumer will simply buy and consume the product and generates a high level of repeating the same purchase of product. Graph above shows low involvement purchase process that takes place. The benefit of low purchase involvement process is BOH tea has become consumers loyal brand for tea consumption products as repeat purchase has been taking place from time to time. However, if the level of purchase is high and the consumer is involved in extensive decision making, consumer will be more likely to face a more elaborated post-purchase evaluation. High Purchase Involvement process This graph shows that there is a post-purchase dissonance where consumer are unable to commit to the decision of choosing the brand that they want and it will create anxiety among consumers as it is difficult to make alternatives choices. In order for consumer to reduce this dissonance, consumer has to make approaches such as to increase the desirability of the brand that they want to purchase and reject the desirability of rejected alternatives and also reject the negative data on brand purchased. If dissonance is not reduce, the anxiety experience may turn into a dissatisfaction and leads to a new problem. That is why high purchase involvement needs extensive research of information to reduce anxiety and increase the confidence level in purchasing the product they want. Consumer will stay loyal to BOH tea because the company is constantly doing research in order to satisfy the future consumer needs . Psychological Core BOH tea Attention Attention is a concept of cognitive psychology that helps us to actively process information present in our environment. Attention is an unconscious process where consumer can automatically scan the features of the environment surrounding them. Attention can be classified into 2 which are voluntary and involuntary. Selective attention is voluntary where relevant information is focused. Involuntary is orientation reflex where something surprising is put in front of a person and allocates the attention towards it. Selective Attention Selective attention is the study of why people pay attention towards things, and how deep is their attention towards things that they focus. Example, being in a classroom, or a busy highway, it is impossible for a person to note everything down. What a person pays attention is actually what they select to pay attention to, thus, selective attention is not entirely conscious. In order to capture the attention of consumer entirely, BOH tea pays attention towards animal and environmental conservation and have won numerous awards. Example, the companys packing facility in Bukit Cheeding has receive the ISO 9002 certification, this can further assured of quality tea every time consumer open up a packet of BOH tea. BOH also won the Super brand Excellence Trophy Award in Food Beverage category in 2004. Orientation reflex Orientation reflex is very important in capturing the attention of consumer. The aim of this involuntary action is to create stimuli that surprise the expectation of consumers. Example, BOH Tea is able to capture the attention of their consumer with their advertisement in television which focuses on family bonding where family members can socialize through a cup of tea. Health benefits offers by BOH tea also has direct their attention towards consumer automatically because they are aware the importance of health Perception Perception is a process that begins with consumer being exposed to information, attended to the information and ending with comprehending the information that is focus on. Perception consists of 5 major elements which is exposure stage, attention stage and comprehension stage. Exposure stage Beginning process of perception process where consumer is exposing to information in the environment that is observed by the human senses. Example, when we are driving on the freeway we are expose towards numerous commercial messages such as bill boards, radio advertisement, bumper- stickers on car, banners on shopping mall and many more . However, exposure towards surrounding is not enough to give a major impact towards consumers. BOH tea attracts consumer by promoting their products in television commercial, newspaper advertisement, BOH tea website, and also campaign. Example, BOH tea has done numerous televisions commercial by targeting the culture of tea regardless of religious or political options and also not to forget the moment of togetherness by the bonding of family members. However, this has allowed zapping and zipping away of television commercial to occur and consumer might miss the television commercial. This mean attention is needed to draw the attention of the people. Attention Stage The matter of degree that consumer pays attention towards something, this stage consumer will allocate processing capacity to a stimulus. Example, if we are driving on a freeway and we are running low on gas, our attention immediately becomes high towards signboards that say how far is the next petrol station, but low when commercial regarding shopping or movies on the billboards. However, our attention towards something can be instantly escalates from high to low when we are in need of something. Example, an advertisement for a product that we are interested is on television programs. In order to capture the attention of consumer, BOH tea has involve in animal and environmental conservation. One of their successful story is when BOH Plantation was the first tea company to be awarded ISO22000 certification , an international standard designed to ensure safe food supply chains worldwide. BOH has also strengthened the leadership of their brand by embarking on numerous marketing campaig ns. Example of a successful campaign the BOH Ummph! campaign, a tagline that is still remembered by young Malaysian right until today. This campaign has brought attention towards consumer as BOH focuses on family values. Interpretation stage The final stage of perception where consumer organize and interprets the information obtain from their environment. BOH tea comes in the mind of consumer when they hear or sees the Ada Ummph! phrase in advertisements. Memory 2 types of memory Short-term memory The decision is instantly made, and if without repetition information will be forgotten. Long-term memory Information that is repeated will be interpret and stored in the long-term memory, information can be use later on as it can be change to short-term memory for making decision. Consumer that remembers BOH tea can purchase it when tea supply is needed at home Purchase and consumption decision Consumer is very clear of the products that benefits or satisfies their need, and purchase process begins when consumer buys the product Nature of perception The graph above shows the nature of perception from exposure until purchase and consumption decision of consumers. Exposure provides opportunity for attention but not guarantee that is seen by consumer. Exposure can be then categorise into 2 element which is selective and voluntary. Selective exposure is where there is vast amount of information given but choices is up to consumers interest, and voluntary exposure is consumer is willing to accept the information as to satisfy purchase goal, and entertainment. Information provided by BOH Plantation may not be consumers interest, but it is their duty to attract consumer to consume their high quality tea. Attention is where the information is selected and focus by consumer and information is send to the sensory system to interpret that data. Interpretation of information begins when consumer allocates the information that is necessity for their purchase goals or objectives , the information is receive from the stimulus of the consumer. The information that is generated is then stored in the memory. Memory has two elements which is short term and long term. Short term memory is where the information is stored for a shorter period of time in order to make a instant decision and is forgotten quickly after that. Long term memory is where the information generated is stored for a longer period of time where consumer can make decision later on in time and does not have to be instant. Finally, the purchase and consumption stage, consumer will decide to buy the product once they have understand the criteria that satisfy their purchase goal . Motivation Motivation refers to an inner drive that reflects the goal of a person, which consist of the urge, wishes, or desire that allow them to strive to achieve the goals and aims that is set. The two motivational theories that is famously known to express the motivation of people are the: Maslows Hierachy of Needs W.J. McGuire psychological motives Maslows hierarchy of need is actually a theory to satisfy the human needs . In order to be at the peak of the hierarchy, a person has to satisfy the lower needs in order to achieve higher needs in the hierarchy. We will now study and go through each stage of Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of needs Basic needs/ Physiological needs Basic needs of human. Example, food, water, sex ,sleep, and also Exercise Safety needs Security, shelter, and normalcy in life Belongingness and love needs A persons affection and acceptance as part of family or group, intimate relationships and also friends Esteem or status Prestige, accomplishment , self respect, and the respect of others. Confident, appreciated and also the need of feel competent is also important Self actulisation The need to realise ones own potential, to achieve dreams and ambitions The next theory is McGuires Hierarchy of Needs, a very detailed set of motives to understand the specific aspects of consumer behavior. This theory consists of 4 major categories with 16 sub-categories which explain the behavior of consumer. The 2 criteria that satisfy the 4 main categories are as follow: Is the mode of motivation cognitive or affective? Is the motive focus on preservation of status or on growth ? Cognitive Preservation Motives Need for Consistency (active, internal) Need for Attribution (active, external) Need to Categorize (passive, internal) Need for Objectification (i.e., cues) (passive, external) Cognitive Growth Motives Need for Autonomy (i.e., Independence) (active, internal) Need for Stimulation (active, external) Teleological Need (i.e., desired outcomes or end states) (passive, internal) Utilitarian Need (i.e., problem solvers) (passive, external) Affective Preservation Motives: Need for Tension Reduction (active, internal) Need for Expression (active, external) Need for Ego Defense (passive, internal) Need for Reinforcement (passive, external) Affective Growth Motives: Need for Assertion (active, internal) Need for Affiliation (active, external) Need for Identification (passive, internal) Need for Modeling (passive, external) Learning Motives Motive arouses individual to respond and engage in learning activity. Goal that are achieved will reduce arousal but will have tendency to occur again. Marketer put product in a way that can satisfy the arousal of consumer Example, when a person is in need for tea consumption (motive) , BOH tea will provide the tea in many form for choices of consumer Reinforcement Tendency of motives to re-occur again in a similar situation. Elements of learning Response Physical activity in reaction towards stimulus, Example, the process of going to retail outlet to purchase tea Cues Provides direction, respond towards motive. Example, tea can be obtain in the retail outlets Cognitive Learning ( Thinking ) This learning process focuses on acquiring knowledge and skill is by mental, which is creating metal presentation of physical object and events in our heads. Individuals learn by listening, watching, touching, reading or experiencing then processing and remembering the information. We can conclude that this kind of learning emphasizes on the role of memory and thinking There are 3 types of learning process : Iconic role learning Interrelationship between two or more concepts without conditioning learning and without reasoning. Vicarious learning Behavior are formed by observing the outcomes of other behavior or imagining the outcome of potential behavior Analytical learning New information are updated when new theories or studies are formed. Behavioral Learning ( Conditioning) Classical conditioning A learning process between environmental stimulus and natural occurring stimulus. Unconditioned stimulus happens automatically, unconditionally and naturally triggers a response, Example, when you smell your favorites food you may immediately feel hungry. Smell of food is unconditioned stimulus. Unconditioned stimulus is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in respond towards unconditioned stimulus. Example, hungry in response the smell of food. Conditioned stimulus is the neutral stimulus that has no connection with the unconditioned stimulus. Conditioned response is learned from the neutral stimulus. Operant conditioning Learning method that occurs through punishment and rewards behavior. Example of operant conditioning can be seen around us, consider employees finishing project with excellent result receives praise or promotions. Reward here increases the behavior.Behavior can also be reducing for example, a student to be told to lose recess privileges if they did not finish their homework. This leads to a decrease in disruptive behavior. Memory Memory consist of 2 component which is Short-term memory (STM) and Long-term memory (LTM) Short term memory Short term memory which also known as working memory is the portion of total memory that is currently in use or activated. Rehearsal of information is needed to ensure it is encode in the long-term memory is the information is important for later usage. If information in short term memory is not repeated it will be lost in 30seconds. Example, if we were to see an advertisement regarding fast food delivery , we will not pay much attention to the advertisement but only remember the number for future usage Long term memory Long term memory has essentially unlimited capacity to store information permanently. Stored information is either semantic or visual. Semantic memory deals with encoding and storage of words , while visual deals with storage of images. Memory here is stored permanently and can be use when needed to make a decision. Rehearsing is important to register something in the long-term memory. Example, if we move to a new house and change our phone number, we ourselves probably have to repeat it until we register the number in our memory storage. Learning process consist of 3 element Schemes It stores facts and generalize information such as verbal information, concepts, rules, principles, and problem solving skills. Information that stored here is simply meaningful and helps consumers to make decision. It is well-establish schemata Scripts A special issue in the memory that is also known as procedures we remember for doing things. Scripts involve a series of sequences in doing something. Example, the manufacturing of tea in the BOH tea plantation to where it is distributed so that consumer can purchase it. In general, it is important for firms to have their brand names incorporated into scripts. Example, consumer reflexively can search for BOH tea in the shops rather than unspecified brand of tea Repositioning Repositioning is an attempt to change the consumers perception of their brand; this is because the existing products position is less attractive towards consumer. Example, a product that has great quality but the price is not affordable has low return in profit to the firms, this means they have to change their strategy to lower the price of their products. Repositioning is a very tough process as large sum of money is needed for advertising and promotion of their products. Attitude Attitude is feeling or affection against a stimulus; it is stored in the long-term memory. The 4 function of attitude consist of Utilitarian function, which is use to obtain reward and avoid punishment, Ego-Defensive function is self-protection, knowledge function is simplifies decision such as brand, and value expression which is express identify towards others. Culture The direct definition from textbook about culture is That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man person as a member of society. From this definition, we can learn several important characteristic of culture such as Culture is comprehensive This means that everything must have a connection in order to create culture. Example, bowing and a strong desire to avoid the loss of face are unified in their manifestation of the important of respect. Boundaries of acceptable behavior Everyone must understand their surrounding before taking action. Example, a person cannot be naked while attending class, the least outfit will be shorts and a T-shirt to wearing suits and tie. However, if a person is to wear a suit in the beach, they will definitely be laugh at . So it is very important to know your environment. Cultural characteristics as a continuum. There is a tendency to stereotype cultures as being one way or another (e.g., individualistic rather than collectivistic). Note, however, countries fall on a continuum of cultural traits. Hofstadters research demonstrates a wide range between the most individualistic and collectivistic countries, for example-some fall in the middle. Subculture Identification with core culture Identification with a subculture Mass market behaviors Unique market behavior Core culture values and norms Subculture values and norms Individuals A subculture is a section of a larger culture whose members shares distinguish values and pattern behavior. Social history and current situation of the groups generates the unique values and pattern of behavior which they practices in their subculture. Subculture members exist from the core culture where they share their unique value the most. Figure above shows to which degree an individual behave in manner of unique dependent to the extend which individuals reach out towards that subculture. Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/images/cb/STP.png Segmentation, targeting, and positioning comprise is a three stage process, this process will helps us in Determine which kind of customer exist Which customer